Rembrandt and His Works Comprising a Short Account of His Life; with a Critical Examination into His Principles and Practice of Design, Light, Shade, and Colour — Themes and Context
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REMBRANDT AND HIS WORKS:
Comprising a Short Account of His Life; with a Critical Examination into His Principles and Practice of Design, Light, Shade, and Colour.
Illustrated by Examples from the Etchings of Rembrandt.
Author of "Practical Hints on Painting."
London: David Bogue, 86, Fleet Street. MDCCCXLIX.
TO THE EARL OF ELLESMERE, THE ENLIGHTENED PATRON OF ART AND LITERATURE, THIS WORK IS MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED,
BY HIS OBLIGED, HUMBLE SERVANT, JOHN BURNET.
The high estimation in which I have ever held the works of Rembrandt has been greatly increased by my going through this examination of his various excellencies, and such will ever be the case when the emanations of genius are investigated; like the lustre of precious stones, their luminous colour shines from the centre, not from the surface. With such a mine of rich ore as the works of Rembrandt contain, it is necessary to apologise for the paucity of examples offered, for in a work of this kind I have been obliged to confine myself to a certain brevity and a limited number of illustrations; still I must do my publisher the justice to say, he has not grudged any expense that would be the means of doing credit to the great artist, the enlightened patron, or my own reputation. Another circumstance has been elicited in preparing this work for publication--the great interest that all have shown in this humble attempt to make Rembrandt and his works more generally appreciated. His genius and productions seem to be congenial to the English taste. As a colourist he will ultimately lay the foundation of the British School of Painting, and prove the justice of Du Fresnoy's lines--
"He who colours well must colour bright; Think not that praise to gain by sickly white."
Had it been possible, I would have given some examples of his colour as well as of his chiaro-scuro; but I found his great charm consists more in the tone of his colouring than its arrangement. I have mentioned in the body of the work that Sir Joshua, certainly the greatest master of colour we have yet had in England, frequently speaks ambiguously of many of Rembrandt's pictures. I am therefore bound to quote a remark that he makes to his praise. In his Memoranda he says--"I considered myself as playing a great game; and instead of beginning to save money, I laid it out faster than I got it, in purchasing the best examples of art that could be procured, for I even borrowed money for this purpose. The possession of pictures by Titian, Vandyke, Rembrandt, &c., I considered as the best kind of wealth."
With these remarks I must now launch the result of my labours, having had constantly in mind that feeling which an advocate has in a good cause, not to expect, by all his exertions, to increase the reputation of his client, but an anxiety not to damage it by his weakness. Before concluding I must again revert to the interest that all my friends have taken in the success of this publication; and though it may appear invidious to particularise any, I cannot omit mention of that enthusiastic admirer of Rembrandt, my young friend Mr. E. W. Cooke; the Messrs. Smith, of Lisle-street, the connoisseurs and extensive dealers in his Etchings; Mr. Carpenter, the keeper of the prints in the British Museum; and, lastly, my young literary friend, Mr. Peter Cunningham, who has, from the beginning, entered heartily into the cause of "Rembrandt and his Works."
BROMPTON, November 4th, 1848.
1. HEAD OF REMBRANDT _Facing Title-page._ 2. INTERIOR OF THE MILL OF REMBRANDT'S FATHER _page_ 2 3. EXTERIOR OF THE SAME 2 4. REMBRANDT'S HOUSE AT AMSTERDAM 6 5. FAC-SIMILE OF A LETTER OF REMBRANDT'S 14 6. CHRIST AND HIS DISCIPLES AT EMMAUS 24 7. THE ENTOMBMENT 26 8. THE RETURN FROM JERUSALEM 26 9. THE NATIVITY 32 10. DOCTOR FAUSTUS 38 11. BURGOMASTER SIX 40 12. PORTRAIT OF VAN TOLLING 44 13. SIX'S BRIDGE 46 14. REMBRANDT'S MILL 48 15. FAC-SIMILE OF A DRAWING BY REMBRANDT IN BRITISH MUSEUM 72 16. PORTRAIT OF REMBRANDT'S MOTHER 74 17. PORTRAITS OF REMBRANDT AND HIS WIFE 74 18. VIEW OF AMSTERDAM 80 19. COTTAGE WITH WHITE PALINGS 80
John Burnet opens his 1849 study by declaring that investigating Rembrandt's genius only increases its lustre, comparing it to precious stones whose colour shines from the centre. The work is structured as a critical examination of Rembrandt's principles and practice, focusing on design, light, shade, and colour, illustrated by examples from his etchings. Burnet positions himself as an advocate for Rembrandt, anxious not to damage his client's reputation by weakness. He notes that Rembrandt's works seem congenial to English taste and predicts the artist will lay the foundation of the British School of Painting.
Contrasting Principles: Rembrandt and the Roman School
Burnet draws a sharp distinction between Rembrandt's approach to colour and that of the Roman school. He observes that in Rembrandt, colours introduced into shadows are under the influence of indistinctness, while those in the light are brighter—a deviation from the Roman school, where colours are pronounced so harshly as to set the influence of chiaro-scuro at defiance. This contrast is central to Burnet's analysis, as he repeatedly emphasizes Rembrandt's mastery of chiaro-scuro and his ability to create breadth through the interplay of hot and cold colours. Burnet quotes Barry's sixth lecture, which praises Rembrandt's colouring and chiaro-scuro as among the most able ever seen, noting the beauty, freshness, and vigour of his tints, and their resemblance to Titian when he had Giorgione most in view.
The Transparency of Shadows and Solidity of Lights
A recurring technical observation in Burnet's text concerns the handling of light and shadow. He mentions not only the breadth of Rembrandt's shadows but their peculiar transparency and clearness, loose in handling, filled with air and space, whereas his lights are solid and firm. This distinction is tied to Rembrandt's practice of placing light upon light and dark on a dark ground, yet allowing inroads by their antagonists—hot and cold colours darting into each other's provinces. Burnet also compares Rembrandt to Cuyp, noting that both artists touched upon colours of the same quality to avoid harshness, but Cuyp's general tone being light makes his strong darks tell with great power, while Rembrandt's low half tints make his high lights more forcible.
Rembrandt's Influence on English Masters
Burnet weaves contemporary English artists into his discussion, citing Sir Joshua Reynolds and Sir David Wilkie. He quotes Reynolds's Memoranda, where Reynolds considered purchasing pictures by Titian, Vandyke, and Rembrandt as the best kind of wealth. Burnet also notes that Reynolds, in his lectures, spoke of Gainsborough's custom of painting by night, which confirmed his great affection for art. Wilkie, in a letter on the death of Sir Thomas Lawrence, reported Lawrence's extreme admiration of Reynolds, who thought that Reynolds and Rembrandt had carried the imitation of nature in colours further than any old masters. Burnet himself asserts that Reynolds comes nearer to Rembrandt in the higher qualities of colour and chiaro-scuro than any other successor.
Burnet's work is less a biography than a technical treatise, grounded in close observation of Rembrandt's etchings. Readers will find the most value in the detailed comparisons to Cuyp, Titian, and the Roman school, and in the quotations from Barry, Reynolds, and Wilkie that anchor Burnet's arguments in contemporary art criticism. The book assumes familiarity with Rembrandt's oeuvre and with the vocabulary of painting, making it best suited for those already engaged with art theory.
Reading Burnet’s careful tracing of Rembrandt’s light—how it pools and withdraws—carried me back to a winter afternoon with Hans Holbein the Younger, Volume 1 (of 2) — Background and Themes. His line held a similar stillness, though colder, more upright. I remembered sitting by the window, letting the pages turn, and feeling both artists ask the same quiet question: where does a face end and the dark begin? They answer so differently, yet the asking lingers.
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